标题： 自由运行与同步：用于高通量3D成像的单光子 Lidar 显示英文标题

标题： Free-running vs. Synchronous: Single-Photon Lidar for High-flux 3D Imaging

摘要： 传统观点认为，单光子激光雷达（SPL）应在低光条件下运行，以最小化死时间效应。 已经开发了许多方法来减轻同步SPL系统中的这些效应。 然而，尽管自由运行SPL具有减少死时间导致的直方图失真的优势，但其解决方案仍然有限。 为了提高自由运行SPL的准确性，我们提出了一种计算高效的联合最大似然估计器，仅使用直方图来估计信号通量、背景通量和深度，并结合了一个互补的正则化框架，该框架引入了一个学习得到的点云评分模型作为先验。 模拟和实验表明，在相同条件下，自由运行SPL的估计误差低于同步版本，而我们的正则化进一步提高了准确性。 显示英文摘要

摘要： Conventional wisdom suggests that single-photon lidar (SPL) should operate in low-light conditions to minimize dead-time effects. Many methods have been developed to mitigate these effects in synchronous SPL systems. However, solutions for free-running SPL remain limited despite the advantage of reduced histogram distortion from dead times. To improve the accuracy of free-running SPL, we propose a computationally efficient joint maximum likelihood estimator of the signal flux, the background flux, and the depth using only histograms, along with a complementary regularization framework that incorporates a learned point cloud score model as a prior. Simulations and experiments demonstrate that free-running SPL yields lower estimation errors than its synchronous counterpart under identical conditions, with our regularization further improving accuracy.