标题： 揭示网络隐私控制中的可用性挑战 显示英文标题

标题： Unveiling Usability Challenges in Web Privacy Controls

摘要： 随着对隐私的关注不断增加以及数据隐私法律的执行，许多网站现在为用户提供隐私控制选项。 然而，找到这些控制选项可能具有挑战性，因为它们通常隐藏在多个设置和层级中。 此外，缺乏标准化意味着这些控制选项在不同服务之间可能存在很大差异。 用于描述这些控制选项的技术术语或令人困惑的表述进一步增加了用户理解和有效使用它们的难度。 本文提出了一项大规模的实证分析，研究了 across 18,628 个网站的网页隐私控制的可用性挑战。 虽然旨在提供多场景视角，但我们的自动化数据收集面临重大障碍，特别是在模拟注册和已认证用户访问方面，这导致更集中于游客访问场景的洞察以及在自动捕获动态用户交互方面的挑战。 我们对三种不同用户访问场景的启发式评估识别出显著的网站可用性问题。 我们的结果显示，在所有访问场景中，隐私政策最为常见，而在注册情况下，提示和通知则较为普遍。 我们建议设计隐私控制时应：通过弹出提示和通知增强意识；在政策中提供目录作为导航辅助工具以及自定义设置链接，以帮助做出更明智的选择；并通过从提示中直接链接到隐私设置来确保可访问性。 显示英文摘要

摘要： With the increasing concerns around privacy and the enforcement of data privacy laws, many websites now provide users with privacy controls. However, locating these controls can be challenging, as they are frequently hidden within multiple settings and layers. Moreover, the lack of standardization means these controls can vary widely across services. The technical or confusing terminology used to describe these controls further complicates users' ability to understand and use them effectively. This paper presents a large-scale empirical analysis investigating usability challenges of web privacy controls across 18,628 websites. While aiming for a multi-scenario view, our automated data collection faced significant hurdles, particularly in simulating sign-up and authenticated user visits, leading to more focused insights on guest visit scenarios and challenges in automated capture of dynamic user interactions. Our heuristic evaluation of three different user visit scenarios identifies significant website usability issues. Our results show that privacy policies are most common across all visit scenarios, with nudges and notices being prevalent in sign-up situations. We recommend designing privacy controls that: enhance awareness through pop-up nudges and notices; offer a table of contents as navigational aids and customized settings links in policies for more informed choice; and ensure accessibility via direct links to privacy settings from nudges.