标题： ISAC：从人类到环境感知 显示英文标题

标题： ISAC: From Human to Environmental Sensing

摘要： 集成感知与通信（ISAC）有望成为第六代（6G）无线通信系统的关键能力，使网络基础设施能够共同支持高吞吐量通信和态势感知。 尽管最近的进展已经探索了面向人类的应用和环境监测的ISAC，但现有研究在这些领域之间仍然分散。 本文提供了对面向人类活动和环境的ISAC启用感知的首次统一综述，重点在于信号级机制、感知特征和实际可行性。 我们首先描述了从人类生命体征和运动到降水和洪水动力学等各种物理现象如何影响无线信号传播，在信道状态信息（CSI）、多普勒轮廓和信号统计中产生可测量的特征。 然后在两个领域进行了全面分析：包括定位、活动识别和生命体征监测的人类感知应用；以及降雨、土壤湿度和水位的环境感知。 结合在非视距（NLOS）条件下长期演进（LTE）感知的实验结果，以突出在基础设施有限场景中的可行性。 讨论了信号融合、领域适应和可推广的感知架构中的开放挑战，以促进未来在可扩展和自主ISAC方面的研究。 显示英文摘要

摘要： Integrated Sensing and Communications (ISAC) is poised to become one of the defining capabilities of the sixth generation (6G) wireless communications systems, enabling the network infrastructure to jointly support high-throughput communications and situational awareness. While recent advances have explored ISAC for both human-centric applications and environmental monitoring, existing research remains fragmented across these domains. This paper provides the first unified review of ISAC-enabled sensing for both human activities and environment, focusing on signal-level mechanisms, sensing features, and real-world feasibility. We begin by characterising how diverse physical phenomena, ranging from human vital sign and motion to precipitation and flood dynamics, impact wireless signal propagation, producing measurable signatures in channel state information (CSI), Doppler profiles, and signal statistics. A comprehensive analysis is then presented across two domains: human sensing applications including localisation, activity recognition, and vital sign monitoring; and environmental sensing for rainfall, soil moisture, and water level. Experimental results from Long-Term Evolution (LTE) sensing under non-line-of-sight (NLOS) conditions are incorporated to highlight the feasibility in infrastructure-limited scenarios. Open challenges in signal fusion, domain adaptation, and generalisable sensing architectures are discussed to facilitate future research toward scalable and autonomous ISAC.