标题： 一个简单的中间耦合MJO-ENSO模型：多尺度相互作用和ENSO复杂性 显示英文标题

标题： A Simple Intermediate Coupled MJO-ENSO Model: Multiscale Interactions and ENSO Complexity

摘要： Madden-Julian振荡（MJO）和厄尔尼诺-南方涛动（ENSO）是热带气候变率的两个主要模式，各自对全球天气有深远的影响。尽管它们各自的动态已被广泛研究，但它们的耦合相互作用，特别是在ENSO复杂性背景下，包括空间多样性（中太平洋与东太平洋事件）、时间演变（单年和多年事件）以及强度变化（中等至极端事件），在建模研究中受到的关注有限。在本文中，开发了一个简单的中间耦合MJO-ENSO模型，以解决对其双向反馈及其在调节ENSO复杂性中的作用的理解中的关键空白。该模型整合了多尺度过程，连接了次季节（MJO）、年际（ENSO）和年代际（沃克环流）的变化。关键机制包括：（1）年际海表温度通过潜热和背景状态调节MJO，（2）MJO引起的风强迫触发多样化的ENSO事件，以及（3）年代际变化调节东太平洋和中太平洋事件的强度和发生频率。有效随机参数化被纳入以改进多尺度MJO-ENSO相互作用的表征以及间歇性和极端现象的出现。该模型捕捉了几个关键的观测到的MJO和ENSO特征，包括非高斯统计、季节循环、能量谱和空间事件模式。它还再现了关键的MJO-ENSO相互作用：暖池边缘扩展、调节海表温度的对流活动调整，以及ENSO对MJO驱动的东风和西风异常的依赖。该模型提供了一个有用的工具来分析长期变化。它还推进了对ENSO极端事件及其远程影响，以及季节预测和气候韧性的理解。 显示英文摘要

摘要： The Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) and the El Ni\~no-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) are two dominant modes of tropical climate variability, each with profound global weather impacts. While their individual dynamics have been widely studied, their coupled interactions, particularly in the context of ENSO complexity, including spatial diversity (Central Pacific vs. Eastern Pacific events), temporal evolution (single-year and multi-year events), and intensity variations (moderate to extreme events), have received limited attention in modeling studies. In this paper, a simple intermediate coupled MJO-ENSO model is developed to address critical gaps in understanding their bidirectional feedback and its role in modulating ENSO complexity. The model integrates multiscale processes, bridging intraseasonal (MJO), interannual (ENSO), and decadal (Walker circulation) variability. Key mechanisms include: (1) interannual SST modulating MJO through latent heat and background states, (2) MJO-induced wind forcing triggering diverse ENSO events, and (3) decadal variability modulating the strength and occurrence frequency of Eastern Pacific and Central Pacific events. Effective stochastic parameterizations are incorporated to improve the characterization of multiscale MJO-ENSO interactions and the emergence of intermittency and extremes. The model captures several crucial observed MJO and ENSO features, including non-Gaussian statistics, seasonal cycles, energy spectra, and spatial event patterns. It also reproduces critical MJO-ENSO interactions: warm pool edge extension, convective activity adjustments that modulate SST, and ENSO's dependence on MJO-driven easterly and westerly wind anomalies. The model provides a useful tool to analyze long-term variations. It also advances the understanding of ENSO extreme events and their remote impacts, as well as seasonal forecasting and climate resilience.