标题： 弥合差距：通过行星引起的螺旋激波一致模拟原行星盘加热和缝隙形成 显示英文标题

标题： Bridging the gap: consistent modeling of protoplanetary disk heating and gap formation by planet-induced spiral shocks

摘要： 一个嵌入原行星盘中的巨行星激发出螺旋密度波，这些波在远离行星传播时会逐渐变陡形成激波。 这些激波导致了长期的盘加热和间隙开启，这两者对行星附近固体物质的演化可能有重要影响。 到目前为止，这两种效应主要被独立建模。 在本研究中，我们提出一个自洽的模型，通过螺旋激波中的熵跃来连接激波加热和角动量沉积，从而统一这些过程。 我们表明，该模型准确再现了从二维流体动力学模拟中得到的行星轨道周围的温度和表面密度分布，这些模拟采用了标准的$\alpha$粘性系数和$\beta$热弛豫方案。 此外，通过结合一个经验推导出的熵跃径向分布标度定律，我们构建了一个完全解析的模型，能够自洽地预测包含巨行星的盘的温度和表面密度结构。 这项工作是理解早期形成的巨行星如何影响其周围第二代行星和星子形成的第一步。 显示英文摘要

摘要： A giant planet embedded in a protoplanetary disk excites spiral density waves, which steepen into shocks as they propagate away from the planet. These shocks lead to secular disk heating and gap opening, both of which can have important implications for the evolution of solids near the planet. To date, these two effects have largely been modeled independently. In this study, we present a self-consistent model that unifies these processes by linking shock heating and angular momentum deposition through the entropy jumps across the spiral shocks. We show that the model accurately reproduces the temperature and surface density profiles around the planet's orbit, as obtained from two-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations with standard $\alpha$ viscosity and $\beta$ thermal relaxation prescriptions. Furthermore, by incorporating an empirically derived scaling law for the radial distribution of the entropy jump, we construct a fully analytic model that self-consistently predicts the temperature and surface density structures of disks hosting a giant planet. This work represents a first step toward understanding how early-formed giant planets influence the formation of second-generation planets and planetesimals in their vicinity.