标题： 对“区块链三难困境：去中心化、安全性和可扩展性之间固有权衡的正式证明”的正式反驳 显示英文标题

标题： A Formal Rebuttal of "The Blockchain Trilemma: A Formal Proof of the Inherent Trade-Offs Among Decentralization, Security, and Scalability"

摘要： 本文全面驳斥了所谓的“区块链三难困境”，这是一个被广泛引用但缺乏形式基础的主张，声称在区块链协议中去中心化、安全性和可扩展性之间存在固有的权衡。 通过形式分析、实证证据以及对方法论和术语的详细批判，我们证明该三难困境建立在语义歧义、分布式系统理论的误用以及未能定义操作指标的基础上。 特别关注的是将拓扑网络类比与协议级架构混淆、对比特币设计的错误描述——包括矿工的作用、SPV客户端和基于区块头的验证——以及未能在复杂性理论或对抗模型中确立主张。 通过将比特币重构为一个由证据信任支配的确定性、无状态分发协议，我们表明可扩展性不是一种权衡，而是一种工程结果。 论文最后指出了学术讨论和同行评审中的系统性问题，这些问题使得此类谬误得以持续存在，并为评估区块链研究中的未来主张提供了形式标准。 显示英文摘要

摘要： This paper presents a comprehensive refutation of the so-called "blockchain trilemma," a widely cited but formally ungrounded claim asserting an inherent trade-off between decentralisation, security, and scalability in blockchain protocols. Through formal analysis, empirical evidence, and detailed critique of both methodology and terminology, we demonstrate that the trilemma rests on semantic equivocation, misuse of distributed systems theory, and a failure to define operational metrics. Particular focus is placed on the conflation of topological network analogies with protocol-level architecture, the mischaracterisation of Bitcoin's design--including the role of miners, SPV clients, and header-based verification--and the failure to ground claims in complexity-theoretic or adversarial models. By reconstructing Bitcoin as a deterministic, stateless distribution protocol governed by evidentiary trust, we show that scalability is not a trade-off but an engineering outcome. The paper concludes by identifying systemic issues in academic discourse and peer review that have allowed such fallacies to persist, and offers formal criteria for evaluating future claims in blockchain research.