标题： II型超新星中受限的星周物质作为尘埃形成场所 显示英文标题

标题： Confined Circumstellar Material as a Dust Formation Site in Type II Supernovae

摘要： 我们提出一个用于研究与受限的星周介质（CSM）相互作用的II型超新星（SNe）中尘埃形成的模型，这一想法源于近期时域调查发现大量超新星前身星在核心坍缩前被CSM包围。 我们使用开源代码CHIPS模拟超新星前的质量喷发及其产生的受限CSM，并跟踪随后的超新星抛射物及其与CSM的相互作用。 我们表明，在广泛的条件下，冷致密壳（CDS）会在辐射激波处形成，并在自由膨胀期间经历快速的绝热冷却，从而导致高效的尘埃凝聚。 所产生的尘埃质量范围从$\sim10^{-3}\,M_\odot$到$0.1\,M_\odot$，具体取决于CSM的质量和空间范围。 我们进一步计算了新形成尘埃的红外（IR）辐射，并发现与SN~1998S的观测结果有广泛的吻合。 值得注意的是，IR光变曲线在$\lesssim10\,{\rm d}$内迅速上升，与千新星（KNe）的特征非常相似。 这表明，由受限CSM相互作用驱动的尘埃辐射也可能在KNe搜索中被发现。 此外，CDS的高密度环境可能使尘埃颗粒生长到更大的尺寸，增强其在后续时间中抵抗来自星际介质的反向激波破坏的能力。 显示英文摘要

摘要： We propose a model for dust formation in Type II supernovae (SNe) interacting with confined circumstellar material (CSM), motivated by recent time-domain surveys that have revealed a substantial fraction of SN progenitors to be surrounded by CSM ejected shortly before core-collapse. We simulate the pre-SN mass eruption and the resulting confined CSM using the open-source code CHIPS, and follow the subsequent evolution of the SN ejecta and its interaction with the CSM. We show that a cold dense shell (CDS) is formed at the radiative shock under a wide range of conditions and later undergoes rapid adiabatic cooling during free expansion, leading to efficient dust condensation. The resulting dust mass ranges from $\sim10^{-3}\,M_\odot$ to $0.1\,M_\odot$, depending on the mass and spatial extent of the CSM. We further calculate the infrared (IR) emission from the newly formed dust and find broad consistency with observations of SN~1998S. Notably, the IR light curve exhibits a rapid rise within $\lesssim10\,{\rm d}$, closely resembling that of kilonovae (KNe). This suggests that dust emission powered by confined CSM interaction may be also discovered in KN searches. Moreover, the high-density environment of the CDS may allow dust grains to grow to larger sizes, enhancing their survivability against destruction by reverse shocks propagating from the interstellar medium at later times.