标题： 电子-声子相互作用和从金属到二维狄拉克晶体的晶格热导率：综述 显示英文标题

标题： Electron-Phonon interaction and lattice thermal conductivity from metals to 2D Dirac crystals: a review

摘要： 电子-声子(e-ph)耦合决定了电导率、热载流子冷却，以及在固体中至关重要的热传导。 最近的第一性原理进展现在可以从d带金属和宽禁带半导体到二维狄拉克晶体，无需经验参数预测e-ph限制的热导率。 在块体金属中，从头算寿命表明，尽管声子是次要的，但一旦考虑e-ph散射，它们仍能携带高达40%的热量。 我们接下来调查耦合的玻尔兹曼框架，例如\textsc{elphbolt}，它能够捕捉半导体中的相互拖拽和超快非平衡状态。 对于二维狄拉克晶体，镜像对称性、载流子密度、应变和有限尺寸重新排列了散射层次：ZA模式在原始石墨烯中占主导地位，但一旦对称性被破坏，在纳米带中则成为主要的电阻分支。 在低费米能量和高温下，标准的三粒子衰减部分被抵消，提高了四粒子过程，并需要动态屏蔽的高阶理论。 在整个过程中，我们识别了微观杠杆，如电子态密度、声子频率、形变势，并展示了掺杂、应变或介电环境如何调节e-ph阻尼。 最后，我们概述了开放性挑战，如：开发耦合的e-ph求解器，用四粒子项求解完整的模到模的佩尔斯-玻尔兹曼方程，将关联电子方法嵌入e-ph工作流程，以及利用高阶e-ph耦合和对称性破缺来实现声子热二极管和整流器。 解决这些挑战将使e-ph理论从诊断工具提升为一种预测性、无参数的平台，将对称性、屏蔽和多体效应与下一代电子、光子和热电设备中的热和电荷输运联系起来。 显示英文摘要

摘要： Electron--phonon (e--ph) coupling governs electrical resistivity, hot-carrier cooling, and critically, thermal transport in solids. Recent first-principles advances now predict e--ph limited thermal conductivity from d-band metals and wide-band-gap semiconductors to 2D Dirac crystals without empirical parameters. In bulk metals, ab-initio lifetimes show that phonons, though secondary, still carry up to 40\% of the heat once e--ph scattering is included. We next survey coupled Boltzmann frameworks, exemplified by \textsc{elphbolt}, that capture mutual drag and ultrafast non-equilibrium in semiconductors. For 2D Dirac crystals, mirror symmetry, carrier density, strain, and finite size rearrange the scattering hierarchy: ZA modes dominate pristine graphene yet become the main resistive branch in nanoribbons once symmetry is broken. At low Fermi energies and high temperatures, the standard 3-particle decay is partially cancelled, elevating 4-particle processes and necessitating dynamically screened, higher-order theory. Throughout, we identify the microscopic levers such as the electronic density of states, phonon frequency, deformation potential, and show how doping, strain, or dielectric environment can tune e--ph damping. We conclude by outlining open challenges such as: developing coupled e--ph solvers, solving the full mode-to-mode Peierls--Boltzmann equation with 4-particle terms, embedding correlated electron methods in e--ph workflows, and leveraging higher-order e--ph coupling and symmetry breaking to realise phononic thermal diodes and rectifiers. Solving these challenges will elevate e--ph theory from a diagnostic tool to a predictive, parameter-free platform that links symmetry, screening, and many-body effects to heat and charge transport in next-generation electronic, photonic, and thermoelectric devices.