标题： 全计数统计和量子马尔可夫过程中的首次通过时间：系综关系、亚稳态和涨落定理 显示英文标题

标题： Full counting statistics and first-passage times in quantum Markovian processes: Ensemble relations, metastability, and fluctuation theorems

摘要： 我们开发了一个综合框架，用于利用两种互补方法——全计数统计和首次通过时间——表征量子输运和非平衡热力学中的涨落。 专注于由马尔可夫林德布洛特定律描述的开放量子系统，我们推导出了一般系综关系，这些关系在所有时间都将这两种方法联系起来，并阐明了长时间后达到的稳态与大跃迁计数下达到的稳态之间的关系。 在亚稳态区域，寿命较长的中间状态会导致实验可测试的累积量关系的破坏，我们对此进行了讨论。 我们还基于全计数统计的结果，制定了一个涨落定理，用于描述首次通过时间分布中稀有涨落的概率。 我们的结果适用于一般整数值轨迹可观测量，这些量不一定随时间单调增加。 三个示例应用，包括一个双态发射器、一个驱动量子比特和一种Su-Schrieffer-Heeger模型的变体，突显了我们结果的物理意义，并为实际计算提供了指导。 我们的框架为马尔可夫量子系统中的首次通过时间统计提供了完整的图景，涵盖了多个早期结果，并对当前量子光学、超导电路和纳米尺度热机实验具有直接意义。 显示英文摘要

摘要： We develop a comprehensive framework for characterizing fluctuations in quantum transport and nonequilibrium thermodynamics using two complementary approaches: full counting statistics and first-passage times. Focusing on open quantum systems governed by Markovian Lindblad dynamics, we derive general ensemble relations that connect the two approaches at all times, and we clarify how the steady states reached at long times relate to those reached at large jump counts. In regimes of metastability, long-lived intermediate states cause violations of experimentally testable cumulant relations, as we discuss. We also formulate a fluctuation theorem governing the probability of rare fluctuations in the first-passage time distributions based on results from full counting statistics. Our results apply to general integer-valued trajectory observables that do not necessarily increase monotonically in time. Three illustrative applications, a two-state emitter, a driven qubit, and a variant of the Su-Schrieffer-Heeger model, highlight the physical implications of our results and provide guidelines for practical calculations. Our framework provides a complete picture of first-passage time statistics in Markovian quantum systems, encompassing multiple earlier results, and it has direct implications for current experiments in quantum optics, superconducting circuits, and nanoscale heat engines.