标题： 利用宇宙射线预测天气：大气μ子通量数据的气象数据同化 显示英文标题

标题： Using Cosmic Rays to Predict the Weather: Meteorological Data Assimilation of Atmospheric Muon Flux Data

摘要： 数值天气预报需要大气状态的初始估计。 由于大气密度场与大气的控制方程紧密交织，推进大气密度估计将提高数值天气预报。 然而，当前的气象仪器无法直接测量大体积的大气密度场。 现有技术依赖于稀疏的点测量，限制了我们准确估计三维大气密度场的能力。 一种可能的解决方案是使用大气μ子通量的测量。 大气μ子是当高能原子核（宇宙射线）与高层大气中的核碰撞时产生的粒子，产生次级粒子（μ子）的雨，传播到地球表面。 已知地表大气μ子通量与局部大气密度场成比例，这意味着该技术可以作为大气密度的测量手段。 本研究通过热带气旋弗雷迪路径上的模拟大气μ子观测案例研究，考察了利用大气μ子通量测量来改进大气状态估计的潜力。 我们表明，使用一个相对较小的天体粒子探测器的数据就可以实现数据同化性能的改进，这在现有的天体粒子技术能力范围内。 我们还表明，与μ子通量同化相关的对大气状态估计的改进至少部分是独特的，因为类似的地表气压点测量无法再现类似的效果。 显示英文摘要

摘要： Numerical weather prediction requires initial estimates of the atmospheric state. Since the atmospheric density field is intricately woven into the atmosphere's governing equations, advancing atmospheric density estimation will improve numerical weather prediction. However, current meteorological instrumentation cannot directly measure the atmospheric density field over large volumes. Existing techniques rely on sparse point measurements, limiting our ability to accurately estimate the three-dimensional atmospheric density field. One potential solution is to employ measurements of the atmospheric muon flux. Atmospheric muons are particles produced when energetic atomic nuclei (cosmic rays) collide with nuclei in the upper atmosphere, producing a shower of secondary particles (muons) that propagates to the Earth's surface. The surface atmospheric muon flux is known to be proportional to the local atmospheric density field, implying that this technique can be used as a measurement of atmospheric density. This study examines the potential for using atmospheric muon flux measurements to improve atmospheric state estimation via a case study of simulated atmospheric muon observations in the path of tropical cyclone Freddy. We show that improvement in data assimilation performance can be achieved using data from a relatively small astroparticle detector, well within the capabilities of existing astroparticle technology. We additionally show that the improvements to atmospheric state estimates associated with muon flux assimilation are at least partially unique to muon flux measurements, as comparable surface pressure point measurements do not reproduce a similar effect.