标题： 稀薄气体和QED真空中波混合过程的数值模拟比较 显示英文标题

标题： Comparison of wave-mixing processes in rarefied gas and QED vacuum using numerical simulations

摘要： 我们研究了在真空中区分激光诱导的非线性量子电动力学（QED）效应与由于激光脉冲与电离残余气体相互作用产生的竞争信号所需的条件。 后者在实验进行的真空室中是不可避免存在的，因为真空永远不会完美，总是存在一定的残余压力。 稀薄气体的贡献通过1D-1V Vlasov-Maxwell系统进行统计建模，而真空非线性性则在Heisenberg-Euler有效作用的弱场展开中进行描述。 在两种情况下，通过使用半拉格朗日方案数值求解得到的偏微分方程来评估波混合过程中的光子谱。 我们考虑共向和反向传播的短脉冲配置，使我们能够确定真空信号占主导地位的激光强度和真空压力。 这些结果为未来旨在检测真空中光-光散射的所有光学实验提供了定量指导。 显示英文摘要

摘要： We study the conditions required to distinguish laser-induced nonlinear quantum electrodynamics (QED) effects in vacuum from competing signals due to interactions of laser pulses with ionized residual gas. The latter is inevitably present in vacuum chambers where experiments are performed because the vacuum is never perfect and there is always some residual pressure. The rarefied gas contribution is modeled statistically using the 1D-1V Vlasov-Maxwell system, while vacuum nonlinearities are described within the weak-field expansion of the Heisenberg-Euler effective action. In both cases, photon spectra from wave-mixing processes are evaluated by solving numerically the resulting partial differential equations using a semi-Lagrangian scheme. We consider short pulses in co- and counter-propagating configurations, allowing us to identify the laser intensities and vacuum pressures for which the vacuum signal dominates. These results provide quantitative guidance for future all-optical experiments aiming to detect light-by-light scattering in vacuum.