标题： 使用Kullback-Leibler散度评估地球观测卫星采样效果 显示英文标题

标题： Evaluating Earth-Observing Satellite Sampling Effectiveness Using Kullback-Leibler Divergence

摘要： 这项工作提出了一种客观、可重复、自动且快速的方法，用于评估地球观测卫星采样的地理物理变量的代表性。 主要目标是识别并减轻在初步阶段A任务研究中由于轨道选择导致的潜在采样偏差。 该方法通过将采样有效性指标纳入更广泛的架构研究中，支持未来行星边界层观测系统的当前孵化活动。 该研究评估了20种卫星配置在北美季风（NAM）季节期间观测美国西南部对流风暴活动的有效性。 主要设计变量是卫星数量、轨道类型（太阳同步或倾斜）以及升交点地方时（LTAN）。 使用Kullback-Leibler（KL）散度来评估观测代表性，并使用核密度估计（KDE）来估计概率密度函数，该研究量化了观测到的和真实风暴特征之间的差异。 结果表明，具有8:00 PM LTAN的双星太阳同步系统实现了最低的KL散度，表明对风暴群的最具代表性的观测。 相反，单星配置，特别是那些具有深夜LTAN（例如，12:00 AM）的配置，表现出显著更高的KL散度。 该研究得出结论，太阳同步轨道中的双星配置，具有傍晚LTAN，在捕捉具有代表性的对流风暴活动方面优于单星和倾斜轨道配置。 关键词：地球观测卫星；采样有效性；Kullback-Leibler散度；观测代表性；季风 显示英文摘要

摘要： This work presents an objective, repeatable, automatic, and fast methodology for assessing the representativeness of geophysical variables sampled by Earth-observing satellites. The primary goal is to identify and mitigate potential sampling biases attributed to orbit selection during pre-Phase A mission studies. This methodology supports current incubation activities for a future Planetary Boundary Layer observing system by incorporating a sampling effectiveness measure into a broader architectural study. The study evaluates the effectiveness of 20 satellite configurations for observing convective storm activity in the Southwestern U.S. during the North American Monsoon (NAM) season. The primary design variables are the number of satellites, orbit type (sun-synchronous or inclined), and Local Time of Ascending Node (LTAN). Using Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence to assess observational representativeness and Kernel Density Estimation (KDE) to estimate probability density functions, the study quantifies the discrepancy between observed and ground truth storm features. Results indicate that a two-satellite sun-synchronous system with an 8:00 PM LTAN, achieved the lowest KL divergence, signifying the most representative observation of storm clusters. In contrast, single-satellite configurations, particularly those with late-night LTANs (e.g., 12:00 AM), demonstrated significantly higher KL divergence. The study concludes that dual-satellite configurations in sun-synchronous orbits with evening LTANs outperform single-satellite and inclined configurations in capturing representative convective storm activity. Keywords: Earth-Observing Satellites; Sampling Effectiveness; Kullback-Leibler Divergence; Observational Representativeness; Monsoon