标题： 使用流体的对称性破缺 II：速度势方法 显示英文标题

标题： Symmetry Breaking using Fluids II: Velocity Potential Method

摘要： 一种称为流体电动力学的标量电动力学的推广被提出。 在该理论中，流体取代了希格斯标量场。 流体电动力学可能应用于低温氦超流体理论，但这里认为它为粒子物理中的对称性破缺提供了一种替代方法。 构建流体电动力学的方法是从完美流体的速度分解开始，如同广义相对论中所做的那样。 一个与等熵流体的流线相切的单位矢量可以用标量势来表示： $V_a=h^{-1}(\ph_a+\al\bt_a-\th S)$。 通过应用协变导数：$D_a=\p_a+ieA_a$来作用于这些标量势，可以获得一种新颖的相互作用带电流体。 这种流体不再是等熵的，并且存在选择使其遵守热力学第二定律或不遵守。 应力中的$A$项出现了一个正确的符号的质量项，这个质量项依赖于上述矢量中的势。 带电流体可以简化为标量电动力学，并应用标准的对称性破缺方法；或者可以通过仅使用热力学势来诱导质量，然后在临界点进行固定，如果将这一点视为玻色凝聚点，则诱导的质量可以忽略不计。 显示英文摘要

摘要： A generalization of scalar electrodynamics called fluid electrodynamics is presented. In this theory a fluid replaces the Higgs scalar field. Fluid electrodynamics might have application to the theory of low temperature Helium superfluids, but here it is argued that it provides an alternative method of approaching symmetry breaking in particle physics. The method of constructing fluid electrodynamics is to start with the velocity decomposition of a perfect fluid as in general relativity. A unit vector tangent to the flow lines of an isentropic fluid can be written in terms of scalar potentials: $V_a=h^{-1}(\ph_a+\al\bt_a-\th S)$. A novel interacting charged fluid can be obtained by applying the covariant derivative: $D_a=\p_a+ieA_a$ to these scalar potentials. This fluid is no longer isentropic and there are choices for which it either obeys the second law of thermodynamics or not. A mass term of the correct sign occurs for the $A$ term in the stress, and this mass term depends on the potentials in the above vector. The charged fluid can be reduced to scalar electrodynamics and the standard approach to symmetry breaking applied; alternatively a mass can be induced by the fluid by using just the thermodynamic potentials and then fixing at a critical point, if this is taken to be the Bose condensation point then the induced mass is negligible.