物理与社会
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显示 2025年07月21日， 星期一 新的列表
- [1] arXiv:2507.13600 [中文pdf, pdf, 其他]
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标题： 量子物理能否帮助应对气候变化？ 新闻稿叙事的主题分析标题： Can Quantum Physics Help Fight Climate Change? A Thematic Analysis of Press Release Narratives主题： 物理与社会 (physics.soc-ph)
气候危机需要创新解决方案，一些人认为量子技术是潜在的解决方案（Berger等，2021；Calvin等，2023）。联合国宣布2025年为国际量子科学与技术年（联合国，2024），重点关注量子技术的应用。量子技术利用量子力学，提供了前所未有的计算能力（Ajagekar & You，2022）和灵敏度（Schleich等，2016），这可能彻底改变包括气候行动在内的各个领域。然而，对学术界、政府和产业界话语如何将量子技术作为气候解决方案进行框架构建的理解仍然缺乏（Suter，Ma，& Pöhlmann，2024）。本研究旨在通过分析新闻稿中的叙述来填补这一空白，并帮助推动量子技术的成功民主化。
The climate crisis demands innovative solutions and quantum technologies are considered by some a potential solution (Berger et al., 2021; Calvin et al., 2023). The United Nations declared 2025 the International Year of Quantum Science and Technology (United Nations, 2024), focusing on applications for quantum technologies. Quantum technologies, leveraging quantum mechanics, offer unprecedented computational power (Ajagekar & You, 2022) and sensitivity (Schleich et al., 2016) that could revolutionize various sectors, including climate action. However, an understanding of how discourse from academia, government, and industry frames quantum technologies as a climate solution is lacking (Suter, Ma, & P\"ohlmann, 2024). This research aims to fill this gap by analyzing the narratives in press releases and helping inform a successful democratization of quantum technologies.
- [2] arXiv:2507.13848 [中文pdf, pdf, html, 其他]
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标题： 同质性在遵守防疫措施中的影响对社交网络中传染病传播的影响标题： Impact of homophily in adherence to anti-epidemic measures on the spread of infectious diseases in social networks主题： 物理与社会 (physics.soc-ph)
我们研究了对防疫措施的同质性在社会网络中如何影响疫情的最终规模。 使用修改后的SIR模型，我们将代理分为两种行为群体——遵从者和非遵从者，并引入传输概率，这些概率不对称地依赖于感染个体和易感个体的行为。 我们在两种具有可调组间连接概率的合成网络上模拟疫情动态：随机块模型（SBM）和具有三元闭合（TC）的网络，这些网络更能捕捉局部聚类。 我们的主要结果揭示了一个反直觉的效果：在遵从者感染个体显著减少传播的情况下，增加组间的分离可能导致遵从者群体中感染比例更高。 这种矛盾的结果仅在具有聚类的网络（TC）中出现，而在SBM中不出现，这表明局部网络结构起着关键作用。 这些发现表明，增加组间分离并不总能提供保护，特别是在行为特征会增强组内传播的情况下。
We investigate how homophily in adherence to anti-epidemic measures affects the final size of epidemics in social networks. Using a modified SIR model, we divide agents into two behavioral groups-compliant and non-compliant-and introduce transmission probabilities that depend asymmetrically on the behavior of both the infected and susceptible individuals. We simulate epidemic dynamics on two types of synthetic networks with tunable inter-group connection probability: stochastic block models (SBM) and networks with triadic closure (TC) that better capture local clustering. Our main result reveals a counterintuitive effect: under conditions where compliant infected agents significantly reduce transmission, increasing the separation between groups may lead to a higher fraction of infections in the compliant population. This paradoxical outcome emerges only in networks with clustering (TC), not in SBM, suggesting that local network structure plays a crucial role. These findings highlight that increasing group separation does not always confer protection, especially when behavioral traits amplify within-group transmission.
- [3] arXiv:2507.13849 [中文pdf, pdf, html, 其他]
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标题： 分形社会动力学作为共识与不平等的驱动因素标题： Fractal Social Dynamics as a Driver of Consensus and Inequality评论： 11页，1图主题： 物理与社会 (physics.soc-ph) ; 适应性与自组织系统 (nlin.AO)
人类社会行为组织在分层的、等级化的网络中，有一个大约5人的支持群体，每一层按比例扩展，最多达到每个个体约150次频繁互动。 这被称为社会大脑假说，其研究结果得到了心理学和神经学证据的支持。 分形网络框架为诸如虚假新闻传播和技术发展等社会现象提供了有价值的见解。 本研究使用分形网络对经济社会互动进行建模，其中群体规模按固定因子扩展，以分析共识是如何形成的。 使用$q$-微积分，该模型揭示了层次结构如何影响信息传播，突出了由幂律支配的普遍特征。 结果遵循$q$-高斯分布，显示出与全球社会中观察到的不平等相一致的重尾特性。 结果表明，不平等来自于经济社会网络的分形结构。
Human social behavior is organized in stratified, hierarchical networks, with a support group with about 5 members, expanding proportionally at each layer up to a maximum of approximately 150 frequent interactions per individual. This is known as Social Brain Hypothesis, and its findings are supported by psychological and neurological evidence. The fractal network framework provides valuable insights into social phenomena such as the spread of fake news and the development of technology. This study models socioeconomic interactions using fractal networks, where group sizes scale by a fixed factor, to analyze how consensus is formed. Using $q$-calculus, the model reveals how hierarchical structures influence information spread, highlighting universal features governed by power laws.. The results follow $q$-Gaussian distributions, showing heavy-tails that align with observed inequalities in societies worldwide. The results show that inequalities arise from the fractal structure of the socioeconomic network.
新提交 (展示 3 之 3 条目 )
- [4] arXiv:2507.13398 (交叉列表自 cs.SI) [中文pdf, pdf, html, 其他]
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标题： 分析新冠疫情期间德国电报中与阴谋论相关的对话动态标题： Characterizing the Dynamics of Conspiracy Related German Telegram Conversations during COVID-19评论： 24页，7图，4表主题： 社会与信息网络 (cs.SI) ; 物理与社会 (physics.soc-ph)
阴谋理论长期以来吸引了公众的注意，但它们在新冠疫情期间在Telegram等平台上的爆炸性增长，引发了关于其对社会信任、民主和公共健康影响的紧迫问题。 我们提供了一个地理、时间和网络分析，研究了在新的大规模数据集中与阴谋相关的德语Telegram聊天结构。 我们研究了区域用户群体和有影响力的广播频道之间的信息流动，揭示了去中心化讨论与由少数关键人物驱动的内容传播之间的相互作用。 我们的研究结果表明，在重大新冠疫情相关事件期间，与阴谋相关的活动会出现高峰，这与社会压力因素相关，并反映了之前关于危机如何加剧阴谋论信念的研究。 通过分析区域、国家和跨国聊天之间的相互作用，我们发现信息如何从更大的国家或跨国讨论流向本地化的、社区驱动的讨论。 此外，我们发现前10%的聊天群组占所有转发内容的94%，这表明少数人在传播信息方面具有巨大影响力。 然而，这些聊天群组是独立运作的，彼此之间连接很少，主要将消息转发给低流量的群体。 值得注意的是，数据集中分享的链接中有43%指向NewsGuard识别的不可靠来源，这一比例远高于其他平台和其他话语环境中的比例，强调了Telegram上的阴谋相关讨论作为虚假信息传播载体的作用。
Conspiracy theories have long drawn public attention, but their explosive growth on platforms like Telegram during the COVID-19 pandemic raises pressing questions about their impact on societal trust, democracy, and public health. We provide a geographical, temporal and network analysis of the structure of of conspiracy-related German-language Telegram chats in a novel large-scale data set. We examine how information flows between regional user groups and influential broadcasting channels, revealing the interplay between decentralized discussions and content spread driven by a small number of key actors. Our findings reveal that conspiracy-related activity spikes during major COVID-19-related events, correlating with societal stressors and mirroring prior research on how crises amplify conspiratorial beliefs. By analysing the interplay between regional, national and transnational chats, we uncover how information flows from larger national or transnational discourse to localised, community-driven discussions. Furthermore, we find that the top 10% of chats account for 94% of all forwarded content, portraying the large influence of a few actors in disseminating information. However, these chats operate independently, with minimal interconnection between each other, primarily forwarding messages to low-traffic groups. Notably, 43% of links shared in the data set point to untrustworthy sources as identified by NewsGuard, a proportion far exceeding their share on other platforms and in other discourse contexts, underscoring the role of conspiracy-related discussions on Telegram as vector for the spread of misinformation.
交叉提交 (展示 1 之 1 条目 )
- [5] arXiv:2503.16959 (替换) [中文pdf, pdf, html, 其他]
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标题： 高阶差异度量用于超图比较标题： Higher-order dissimilarity measures for hypergraph comparison主题： 物理与社会 (physics.soc-ph)
近年来，具有高阶交互的网络作为一种强大的工具，被用来建模复杂系统。 比较这些高阶系统仍然是一个挑战。 传统设计用于成对网络的相似性度量确实无法捕捉超图的显著特征，因此可能会忽略重要信息。 为了解决这个问题，我们引入了两种新的度量方法，Hyper NetSimile 和 Hyperedge Portrait Divergence，专门用于比较超图。 这些度量方法明确考虑了多节点交互的特性，采用了互补的方法。 它们适用于任何任意的超图对，可能大小不同，因此具有广泛的应用性。 我们通过在合成和实证高阶网络上的聚类实验展示了这些度量的有效性，表明它们能够正确地将由不同模型生成的超图分组，并区分来自不同背景的真实世界系统。 我们的结果突显了使用高阶差异度量相较于传统成对表示在捕捉所考虑系统完整结构复杂性方面的优势。
In recent years, networks with higher-order interactions have emerged as a powerful tool to model complex systems. Comparing these higher-order systems remains however a challenge. Traditional similarity measures designed for pairwise networks fail indeed to capture salient features of hypergraphs, hence potentially neglecting important information. To address this issue, here we introduce two novel measures, Hyper NetSimile and Hyperedge Portrait Divergence, specifically designed for comparing hypergraphs. These measures take explicitly into account the properties of multi-node interactions, using complementary approaches. They are defined for any arbitrary pair of hypergraphs, of potentially different sizes, thus being widely applicable. We illustrate the effectiveness of these metrics through clustering experiments on synthetic and empirical higher-order networks, showing their ability to correctly group hypergraphs generated by different models and to distinguish real-world systems coming from different contexts. Our results highlight the advantages of using higher-order dissimilarity measures over traditional pairwise representations in capturing the full structural complexity of the systems considered.
- [6] arXiv:2504.20232 (替换) [中文pdf, pdf, 其他]
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标题： 德国的电力进口来自哪里？标题： Where do Germany's electricity imports come from?评论： 这是以下文章的预印本：M. Schäfer, T. Buckley, A. Weidlich 和 F. Boerman, "德国的电力进口来自哪里？", 2025 年第 21 届欧洲能源市场国际会议 (EEM), 葡萄牙里斯本，2025 年，第 1-5 页，doi: 10.1109/EEM64765.2025.11050092主题： 物理与社会 (physics.soc-ph) ; 一般经济学 (econ.GN)
2023年，德国的电力贸易平衡自2002年以来首次从净出口转为净进口，这导致公众讨论中对这些进口的讨论增加。 本研究讨论了用于分析德国跨境贸易的不同数据驱动方法，重点在于在欧洲电力市场耦合框架下确定进口电力来源的方法论挑战。 虽然ENSTO-E的计划商业流量通常用作指标，但通常这些流量并不对应于不同市场参与者之间的双边交换。 特别是对于日前市场耦合，只有净头寸具有经济上合理的解释，而计划的商业交换是通过事后的算法计算确定的。 因此，任何对电力进口来源的衡量都取决于某种基础解释和相应的方法，从局部流量模式到净头寸的相关性不等。 为了说明这种方法选择的依赖性，我们比较了不同方法来确定2024年每小时欧洲电力系统数据中的电力进口来源。
In 2023, Germany's electricity trade balance shifted from net exports to net imports for the first time since 2002, resulting in an increasing discussion of these imports in the public debate. This study discusses different data driven approaches for the analysis of Germany's cross-border trade, with a focus on the methodological challenges to determine the origin of imported electricity within the framework of European electricity market coupling. While scheduled commercial flows from ENTSO-E are often used as indicators, generally these do not correspond to bilateral exchanges between different market actors. In particular, for day-ahead market coupling only net positions have an economically reasonable interpretation, and scheduled commercial exchanges are defined through ex-post algorithmic calculations. Any measure of the origin of electricity imports thus depends on some underlying interpretation and corresponding method, ranging from local flow patterns to correlations in net positions. To illustrate this dependence on methodological choices, we compare different approaches to determine the origin of electricity imports for hourly European power system data for 2024.
- [7] arXiv:2507.13310 (替换) [中文pdf, pdf, 其他]
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标题： 在网络上的参与对线下抗议的溢出效应建模：随机动力学和平均场近似标题： Modelling the spillover from online engagement to offline protest: stochastic dynamics and mean-field approximations on networks评论： 44页，33图主题： 物理与社会 (physics.soc-ph) ; 社会与信息网络 (cs.SI) ; 动力系统 (math.DS) ; 适应性与自组织系统 (nlin.AO) ; 种群与进化 (q-bio.PE)
社交媒体正在改变线下生活的各个方面，从日常决策如餐饮选择到冲突的发展进程。 在本研究中，我们提出一个耦合建模框架，包含一个在线社交网络层，以分析特定主题上的参与如何溢出到线下抗议活动。 我们开发了一个随机模型，并推导出几种不同复杂度的平均场模型。 这些模型使我们能够估计繁殖数并预测活动激增可能发生的时间。 一个关键因素是在线和线下领域之间的传播率；为了出现线下爆发，这一比率必须处于一个临界范围内，既不太低也不太高。 此外，利用合成网络，我们研究了网络结构如何影响这些近似值的准确性。 我们的研究结果表明，低密度网络需要更复杂的近似，而简单的模型可以有效地表示高密度网络。 然而，在两个现实世界的网络上进行测试时，增加复杂度并未提高准确性。
Social media is transforming various aspects of offline life, from everyday decisions such as dining choices to the progression of conflicts. In this study, we propose a coupled modelling framework with an online social network layer to analyse how engagement on a specific topic spills over into offline protest activities. We develop a stochastic model and derive several mean-field models of varying complexity. These models allow us to estimate the reproductive number and anticipate when surges in activity are likely to occur. A key factor is the transmission rate between the online and offline domains; for offline outbursts to emerge, this rate must fall within a critical range, neither too low nor too high. Additionally, using synthetic networks, we examine how network structure influences the accuracy of these approximations. Our findings indicate that low-density networks need more complex approximations, whereas simpler models can effectively represent higher-density networks. When tested on two real-world networks, however, increased complexity did not enhance accuracy.
- [8] arXiv:2505.01830 (替换) [中文pdf, pdf, html, 其他]
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标题： 你不必住在我旁边：走向计算方法中个体主义偏见的消除标题： You Don't Have to Live Next to Me: Towards Demobilizing Individualistic Bias in Computational Approaches to Urban Segregation评论： 4幅图像；由Namrata Narendra创作的艺术作品主题： 计算机与社会 (cs.CY) ; 物理与社会 (physics.soc-ph)
社会不平等的全球激增是我们这个时代最紧迫的问题之一。 城市尺度上社会不平等的空间表现导致了城市隔离，这是一种在不同地方和文化背景下普遍存在的现象。 大数据和计算模型日益流行，这激发了越来越多的计算社会科学研究，这些研究分析、评估并为城市隔离提出政策建议。 如今信息和计算能力的丰富可以为公平的城市规划提供信息。 然而，正如我们在这里所展示的，隔离研究在认识论上与主流经济理论相互依赖，这些理论过度关注个人责任，而忽视了系统性过程。 这种个人主义偏见也根植于城市隔离的计算模型中。 通过几个当代例子，说明大数据——以及其使用背后的假设——如何影响（去）隔离模式和政策，我们的文章讲述了一个警示故事。 我们强调，对数据伦理考虑不足可能导致计算模型的创建，这些模型在现实生活中进一步边缘化弱势群体。 通过本文，我们的目的是更好地辨别计算方法在城市隔离中的陷阱和潜力，从而促进对城市不平等的系统性思考的有意识关注。 我们建议制定一个研究和集体行动的议程，旨在消除个人主义偏见，指导我们对城市隔离的思考，但更广泛地说，也指导我们创造可持续城市和社区的努力。
The global surge in social inequalities is one of the most pressing issues of our times. The spatial expression of social inequalities at city scale gives rise to urban segregation, a common phenomenon across different local and cultural contexts. The increasing popularity of Big Data and computational models has inspired a growing number of computational social science studies that analyze, evaluate, and issue policy recommendations for urban segregation. Today's wealth in information and computational power could inform urban planning for equity. However, as we show here, segregation research is epistemologically interdependent with prevalent economic theories which overfocus on individual responsibility while neglecting systemic processes. This individualistic bias is also engrained in computational models of urban segregation. Through several contemporary examples of how Big Data -- and the assumptions underlying its usage -- influence (de)segregation patterns and policies, our essay tells a cautionary tale. We highlight how a lack of consideration for data ethics can lead to the creation of computational models that have a real-life, further marginalizing impact on disadvantaged groups. With this essay, our aim is to develop a better discernment of the pitfalls and potentials of computational approaches to urban segregation, thereby fostering a conscious focus on systemic thinking about urban inequalities. We suggest setting an agenda for research and collective action that is directed at demobilizing individualistic bias, informing our thinking about urban segregation, but also more broadly our efforts to create sustainable cities and communities.
- [9] arXiv:2505.20015 (替换) [中文pdf, pdf, html, 其他]
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标题： 关于人类语言编码最优性的类别及齐普夫定律的起源标题： On the class of coding optimality of human languages and the origins of Zipf's law评论： 拼写错误已更正；讨论内容已增强主题： 计算与语言 (cs.CL) ; 物理与社会 (physics.soc-ph)
这里我们提出了一种编码系统的新型最优性。该类的成员相对于最优编码线性偏移，因此表现出齐普夫定律，即频率排名的幂律分布。在该类中，齐普夫定律、规模-排名定律和规模-概率定律形成类似群的结构。我们识别出属于该类的人类语言。所有与齐普夫定律有足够一致性的语言都是该类的潜在成员。相反，其他物种的通信系统可能无法成为该类的成员，因为它们表现出指数分布，但海豚和座头鲸可能例外。我们提供了对双对数尺度下频率与排名图的新见解。对于任何系统，该尺度下的直线表明在非奇异编码和唯一可解编码下的最优码长度由一个斜率为齐普夫定律指数的线性函数偏移。对于在压缩下且被约束为唯一可解的系统，这样的直线可能表明该系统接近最优编码。我们提供了支持齐普夫定律起源于压缩的假设，并为压缩系统中齐普夫定律的出现定义了可测试条件。
Here we present a new class of optimality for coding systems. Members of that class are displaced linearly from optimal coding and thus exhibit Zipf's law, namely a power-law distribution of frequency ranks. Within that class, Zipf's law, the size-rank law and the size-probability law form a group-like structure. We identify human languages that are members of the class. All languages showing sufficient agreement with Zipf's law are potential members of the class. In contrast, there are communication systems in other species that cannot be members of that class for exhibiting an exponential distribution instead but dolphins and humpback whales might. We provide a new insight into plots of frequency versus rank in double logarithmic scale. For any system, a straight line in that scale indicates that the lengths of optimal codes under non-singular coding and under uniquely decodable encoding are displaced by a linear function whose slope is the exponent of Zipf's law. For systems under compression and constrained to be uniquely decodable, such a straight line may indicate that the system is coding close to optimality. We provide support for the hypothesis that Zipf's law originates from compression and define testable conditions for the emergence of Zipf's law in compressing systems.