Title: AniTrack: A Power-Efficient, Time-Slotted and Robust UWB Localization System for Animal Tracking in a Controlled Setting Show Chinese title

Title: AniTrack：一种针对受控环境中动物跟踪的高效能、时隙化和鲁棒的超宽带定位系统

Abstract: Accurate localization is essential for a wide range of applications, including asset tracking, smart agriculture, and an- imal monitoring. While traditional localization methods, such as Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), offer varying levels of accuracy and coverage, they have drawbacks regarding power consumption, infrastruc- ture requirements, and deployment flexibility. Ultra-Wideband (UWB) is emerging as an alternative, offering centimeter-level accuracy and energy efficiency, especially suitable for medium to large field monitoring with capabilities to work indoors and outdoors. However, existing UWB localization systems require infrastructure with mains power to supply the anchors, which impedes their scalability and ease of deployment. This under- scores the need for a fully battery-powered and energy-efficient localization system. This paper presents an energy-optimized, battery-operated UWB localization system that leverages Long Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) for data transmission to a server backend. By employing single-sided two-way ranging (SS-TWR) in a time- slotted localization approach, the power consumption both on the anchor and the tag is reduced, while maintaining high accuracy. With a low average power consumption of 20.44 mW per anchor and 7.19 mW per tag, the system allows fully battery- powered operation for up to 25 days, achieving average accuracy of 13.96 cm with self-localizing anchors on a 600 m2 testing ground. To validate its effectiveness and ease of installation in a challenging application scenario, ten anchors and two tags were successfully deployed in a tropical zoological biome where they could be used to track Aldabra Giant Tortoises (Aldabrachelys gigantea). Show Chinese abstract

Abstract: 精确的定位对于资产跟踪、智能农业和动物监测等诸多应用至关重要。尽管传统的定位方法，如全球导航卫星系统（GNSS）、Wi-Fi 和蓝牙低能耗（BLE）提供不同程度的精度和覆盖范围，但它们在功耗、基础设施需求和部署灵活性方面存在不足。 超宽带（UWB）作为一种替代方案正在兴起，它具有厘米级的精度和节能特性，尤其适合于室内外工作的中大型区域监控。然而，现有的 UWB 定位系统需要依赖有电源供应的基础设施来供电，这限制了它们的可扩展性和部署便利性。 因此，完全电池供电且节能的定位系统的需求显得尤为重要。 本文提出了一种基于长距离广域网（LoRaWAN）的数据传输至服务器后端的能量优化型、电池供电的 UWB 定位系统。通过在时间槽定位方法中采用单边双向测距（SS-TWR），该系统在减少锚点和标签功耗的同时，仍能保持高精度。每个锚点平均功耗仅为 20.44 毫瓦，每个标签为 7.19 毫瓦，使得系统可以连续运行长达 25 天，而在一个 600 平方米的测试场地上，使用自定位锚点实现了平均 13.96 厘米的精度。 为了验证其在挑战性应用场景中的有效性和安装便捷性，该系统成功地在热带动物园环境中部署了十个锚点和两个标签，可用于追踪象龟（Aldabrachelys gigantea）。