标题： 用仪器传播科学哲学：阿特伍德机的案例 显示英文标题

标题： Spreading scientific philosophies with instruments: the case of Atwood's machine

摘要： 我们研究牛顿科学的范式，该范式将科学知识组织为一系列数学定律，在科学课程中被正式接受的方式——在18世纪最后几十年的英格兰以及大陆地区——是通过乔治·阿特伍德在1770年代末发明的“通用”动力机器实现的，正是为了这个目的。 这种机器的传播发生在阿特伍德阐述这种新机器及其应进行的实验的论述出现之前，这是一个相当有趣的案例，我们将详细讨论。 特别是，我们关注意大利人乔瑟普·萨维奥·波利对该机器的“改进”以及随后对该机器的“简化”，突显了牛顿主义最终成功后视角的持续变化。 在此研究的案例中，可以认识到一种精心设计的仪器在非博学者接受新范式中的重要作用，除了传统的涉及博学者的方式之外，因此机器哲学与数学、哲学甚至物理推理之间具有互补作用。 显示英文摘要

摘要： We study how the paradigm of Newton's science, based on the organization of scientific knowledge as a series of mathematical laws, was definitively accepted in science courses - in the last decades of the XVIII century, in England as well as in the Continent - by means of the "universal" dynamical machine invented by George Atwood in late 1770s just for this purpose. The spreading of such machine, occurred well before the appearance of Atwood's treatise where he described the novel machine and the experiments to be performed with it, is a quite interesting historical case, which we consider in some detail. In particular, we focus on the "improvement" introduced by the Italian Giuseppe Saverio Poli and the subsequent "simplifications" of the machine, underlying the ongoing change of perspective after the definitive success of Newtonianism. The case studied here allows to recognize the relevant role played by a properly devised instrument in the acceptance of a new paradigm by non-erudite scholars, in addition to the traditional ways involving erudite scientists, and thus the complementary role of machine philosophy with respect to mathematical, philosophical or even physical reasoning.