标题： 政党治理在美国政治体系中的量子类似描述 显示英文标题

标题： The quantum-like description of the dynamics of party governance in the US political system

摘要： 本文致力于将量子力学的数学形式主义应用于社会（政治）科学。 通过使用量子动力学方程，我们对美国选举中的决策过程进行建模。 我们试图强调的关键点是，选民的心理状态可以表示为两种可能选择的叠加，即共和党或民主党。 然而，现实情况更为复杂：通常选民参加两次选举，即国会选举和总统选举。 在两次选举中，他/她都必须在两个选项之间做出决定。 美国选举制度的这一特点要求心理状态由一个2量子比特状态来表示，对应于四种不同选择的叠加（例如，国会中的共和党；总统选举中的民主党）。 本文的主要问题是描述考虑了心理和社会政治环境的选民心理状态的动力学。 本文真正新颖之处在于，我们不再使用薛定谔方程来描述没有相互作用时的动力学，而是应用了量子主方程。 该方程描述了量子退相干，即从叠加态到确定性选择的解析过程。 显示英文摘要

摘要： This paper is devoted to the application of the mathematical formalism of quantum mechanics to social (political) science. By using the quantum dynamical equations we model the process of decision making in US elections. The crucial point we attempt to make is that the voter's mental state can be represented as a superposition of two possible choices for either republicans or democrats. However, reality dictates a more complicated situation: typically a voter participates in two elections, i.e. the congress and the presidential elections. In both elections he/she has to decide between two choices. This very feature of the US election system requires that the mental state is represented by a 2-qubit state corresponding to the superposition of 4 different choices (e.g. for republicans in the congress; for the president as a democrat). The main issue of this paper is to describe the dynamics of the voters' mental states taking in account the mental and socio- political environment. What is truly novel in this paper is that instead of using Schr\"odinger's equation to describe the dynamics in an absence of interactions, we here apply the quantum master equation. This equation describes quantum decoherence, i.e., resolution from superposition to a definite choice.