标题： 压载水介导的物种扩散风险动态及减少地中海入侵风险的政策影响 显示英文标题

标题： Ballast water-mediated species spread risk dynamics and policy implications to reduce the invasion risk to the Mediterranean Sea

摘要： 地中海是受外来海洋生物入侵最严重的区域之一。 这项研究关注的是压载水传播的非本地物种在地中海的动力学及潜在政策选项。 具体而言，我们（1）估算了2012年、2015年和2018年的港口风险，（2）识别了连接多个集群的枢纽港口，（3）评估了四种监管情景。 风险结果表明，直布罗陀、苏伊士和伊斯坦布尔在2012-2018年间一直是高风险港口，并作为连接多个扩散集群的枢纽港口。 通过政策情景分析，我们发现监管高风险枢纽港口可以不成比例地降低地中海的整体风险：通过监管一个高风险枢纽港口，所有港口的平均风险降低了5-10%，而通过监管一个中等风险的地中海港口，所有港口的平均风险仅降低了0.2%。 我们还发现，仅仅监管高风险港口并不能有效降低它们的风险。 显示英文摘要

摘要： The Mediterranean Sea is one of the most heavily invaded marine regions. This work focuses on the dynamics and potential policy options for ballast water-mediated nonindigenous species to the Mediterranean. Specifically, we (1) estimated port risks in years 2012, 2015, and 2018, (2) identified hub ports that connect many clusters, and (3) evaluated four regulatory scenarios. The risk results show that Gibraltar, Suez, and Istanbul remained high-risk ports from 2012-2018, and they served as hub ports that connected several spread clusters. With policy scenario analysis, we found that regulating the high-risk hub ports can disproportionately reduce the overall risk to the Mediterranean: the average risk to all ports was reduced by 5-10% by regulating one high-risk hub port, while the average risk to all ports was only reduced by 0.2% by regulating one average-risk Mediterranean port. We also found that only regulating high-risk ports cannot reduce their risks effectively.