标题： 激发的Q球 显示英文标题

标题： Excited Q-Balls

摘要： U(1) 对称势中的复标量可以形成稳定的 Q 球，这些非拓扑孤立子对应球对称束缚态解。如果 Q 球的 U(1) 荷足够大，则它可以支持一系列能量不断增加的不稳定径向激发。先前对这些径向激发的分析局限于固定参数，导致具有不同荷的激发态$Q$。在这项工作中，我们首次针对固定荷的孤立子径向激发进行了表征，为这些对象提供了物理谱。我们还展示了如何近似解析描述这些激发态，并预测其全局属性，例如半径、能量和荷。这使得能够完整地表征径向谱。我们还讨论了这些激发态的衰变通道。 显示英文摘要

摘要： Complex scalars in U(1)-symmetric potentials can form stable Q-balls, non-topological solitons that correspond to spherical bound-state solutions. If the U(1) charge of the Q-ball is large enough, it can support a tower of unstable radial excitations with increasing energy. Previous analyses of these radial excitations were confined to fixed parameters, leading to excited states with different charges $Q$. In this work, we provide the first characterization of the radial excitations of solitons for fixed charge, providing the physical spectrum for such objects. We also show how to approximately describe these excited states analytically and predict their global properties such as radius, energy, and charge. This enables a complete characterization of the radial spectrum. We also comment on the decay channels of these excited states.