标题： 耶稣会传教士在东部玻利维亚奇基托斯地区教堂的朝向 显示英文标题

标题： The orientation of Jesuit churches in the Chiquitos missions of eastern Bolivia

摘要： 耶稣会在南美洲的传教活动是直到1767年该修会被驱逐之前，该大陆基督教传教的重要且独特的进展。 尽管这些传教活动及其最具代表性的建筑的历史和文化方面已经得到了广泛研究，但巴拉圭省（Paraquaria省）瓜拉尼人的天体考古学只有在最近才被考虑，现有的研究主要集中在他们教堂的方向上。 本文提出的研究是第一项对东部玻利维亚奇基托斯（Chiquitos）耶稣会传教活动的天体考古学研究，旨在继续并补充该地区的先前天体考古学研究。 所采用的方法包括分析该地区目前存在的耶稣会教堂，即对目前仍存在的八座教堂进行现场方向测量，以及对第九座教堂的遗迹进行测量，该教堂仅存一座独立的钟楼和部分侧墙。 由于我们无法参观第十座教堂，其方向测量是通过使用卫星地图确定的。 随后详细检查了这些教堂周围的景观，并进一步对教堂所在村庄的特征进行了详细的文化和历史研究。 我们的研究结果表明，与巴拉圭省教堂中突出的南北子午线方向不同，所研究的教堂有一半显示出可能的规范方向，似乎与太阳现象对齐，其中三座显示出精确的春分方向。 我们提出了这些方向的原因，包括教堂内重要内部元素上的可能光照效果的影响——这些效果在巴洛克教堂建筑中通常被追求。 显示英文摘要

摘要： The Jesuit missions in South America were an important and unique advance in Christian evangelisation on the continent until the expulsion of the Order in 1767. Although the history and cultural aspects of these missions and their most iconic buildings have been extensively studied, the archaeoastronomy of the Guaran\'i peoples of the Province of Paraquaria (Province of Paraguay) has only been recently considered, with the existing studies focusing primarily on the orientation of their churches. The paper presented here, which is the first archaeoastronomical study of the Jesuit missions of Chiquitos in eastern Bolivia, is an attempt to continue and complement the previous archaeoastronomical studies of the region. The methodologies employed involved the analysis of the Jesuit churches that currently exist in this region, namely, the on-site measurements of the orientations of eight churches currently standing and the ruins of a ninth church of which only a free-standing bell tower and parts of the side walls remain preserved. The orientation measurements of a tenth church, which we were unable to visit, were determined via the use of satellite maps. The landscape surrounding these churches was then examined in detail and furthermore, a detailed cultural and historical study of the characteristics of the villages where the churches are located was carried out. Our results show that, unlike the churches of the Province of Paraquaria where meridian orientations in the north-south direction stand out, half of the studied churches have shown potential canonical orientations that seem to be aligned to solar phenomena, with three exhibiting precise equinoctial orientation. We propose reasons for these orientations, including the possible relevance of illumination effects on significant internal elements within the churches - effects that were generally sought in Baroque church architecture.