标题： 天文帐篷观测站，一个逝去时代的遗物 显示英文标题

标题： Astronomical tent observatories, relics of a bygone era

摘要： 在十八世纪中叶到十九世纪中叶之间，远洋探索和发现的长途航海任务通常会携带天文帐篷观测站，以支持基于陆地的经度测定，使用笨重的天文调节器和过境望远镜。詹姆斯·库克于1768-1771年首次太平洋航行时部署了一座领航员帐篷观测站后，威廉·贝利对其设计进行了修改，以便在库克的第二次和第三次太平洋航行中更方便地使用。贝利的设计成为帆船时代分配给船上天文学家的标准帐篷观测站结构。到了十九世纪中叶，焦点发生了一个微妙的变化，帐篷观测站现在被用于观察特定的天体现象（如1882年的金星凌日或各种日食），而经度测定则越来越多地依赖于当时新型、紧凑且改进的盒式摆钟。到了十九世纪末，帐篷观测站的应用发生了进一步变化，天文学应用逐渐让位于重新关注气象测量。 显示英文摘要

摘要： Between the mid-eighteenth and mid-nineteenth centuries, long-haul oceanic voyages of exploration and discovery routinely carried astronomical tent observatories to support land-based longitude determinations using heavy and cumbersome astronomical regulators and transit telescopes. Following James Cook's deployment of a pilot tent observatory on his first voyage to the Pacific in 1768-1771, the tent design was altered by William Bayly for more convenient use on Cook's second and third voyages to the Pacific. Bayly's design became the standard structure of tent observatories assigned to shipboard astronomers during the Age of Sail. By the middle of the nineteenth century, a subtle shift in focus had occurred, with tent observatories now being deployed to observe specific celestial events (such as the 1882 Venus transit or a variety of eclipses), while longitude determinations increasingly relied on the novel, compact and improved box chronometers of the day. A further shift in the application of tent observatories occurred towards the end of the nineteenth century, when astronomical applications largely gave way to a renewed focus on meteorological measurements.