标题： 相对论气体中的温度波动：压力修正及其在去约束转变中的可能后果 显示英文标题

标题： Temperature fluctuations in a relativistic gas: Pressure corrections and possible consequences in the deconfinement transition

摘要： 在这项工作中，我们通过复制法研究了随机温度涨落对非相互作用相对论费米气体状态方程的影响。 这一图景为一个非平衡系统提供了一个概念模型，该系统被描绘为处于不同温度的子系统集合，相对于给定的平均值随机分布。 然后我们假设温度相对于其系综平均值 $T_0$ 显示出随机涨落 $T = T_0 + \delta T$，其均值为零 $\overline{\delta T} = 0$，标准差为 $\overline{\delta T^2} = \Delta$。 通过复制法，我们得到了广义位势的平均值，从而导出了由这些涨落引起的相对于均匀温度的理想气体的超额压力表达的费米气体的状态方程。 我们还进一步将结果扩展到理想玻色气体。 我们的发现表明，随着系统的系综平均温度 $T_0$ 的升高，压力增加，始终超过平衡状态下观察到的压力。 最后，我们在简单的袋模型背景下探讨了解禁闭相变的含义，结果显示临界温度降低。 显示英文摘要

摘要： In this work, we study the effects of random temperature fluctuations on the equation of state of a non-interacting, relativistic fermion gas by means of the replica method. This picture provides a conceptual model for a non-equilibrium system, depicted as an ensemble of subsystems at different temperatures, randomly distributed with respect to a given mean value. We then assume the temperature displays stochastic fluctuations $T = T_0 + \delta T$ with respect to its ensemble average value $T_0$, with zero mean $\overline{\delta T} = 0$ and standard deviation $\overline{\delta T^2} = \Delta$. By means of the replica method, we obtain the average grand canonical potential, leading to the equation of state of the fermion gas expressed in terms of the excess pressure caused by these fluctuations with respect to the ideal gas at uniform temperature. We further extend our results for the ideal Bose gas as well. Our findings reveal an increase in pressure as the system's ensemble average temperature $T_0$ rises, consistently exceeding the pressure observed in an equilibrium state. Finally, we explore the implications for the deconfinement transition in the context of the simple Bag model, where we show that the critical temperature decreases.