标题： 性能指标在使用卫星观测数据校准洪水模型中的评估 显示英文标题

标题： Evaluation of Performance Measures for Qualifying Flood Models with Satellite Observations

摘要： 本研究讨论如何选择性能指标，以将洪水事件的数值模拟与一张卫星图像进行比较，例如在模型校准或验证过程中。 提出了一系列准则，以评估性能指标相对于洪水范围、卫星特性（位置、方向）以及测量/处理误差（卫星原始值或洪水图的提取）的敏感性。 在一次洪水事件的情况下（例如2021年2月法国加龙河的洪水），通过从由不确定的摩擦场参数化的浅水模型模拟的水深分布，对它们的相关性进行了数值讨论。 在确定符合最多准则的性能指标后，进行相关性分析，以确定各种性能指标之间的相似性。 然后，提出一种方法来对性能指标进行排序，并选择对观测误差最稳健的指标。 该方法被证明在研究案例中能够识别出28个性能指标中的四个。 请注意，各种排名靠前的性能指标在浅水模型的摩擦场校准结果方面并不相同。 该方法可以应用于任何洪水模型与任何洪水事件的比较。 显示英文摘要

摘要： This work discusses how to choose performance measures to compare numerical simulations of a flood event with one satellite image, e.g., in a model calibration or validation procedure. A series of criterion are proposed to evaluate the sensitivity of performance measures with respect to the flood extent, satellite characteristics (position, orientation), and measurements/processing errors (satellite raw values or extraction of the flood maps). Their relevance is discussed numerically in the case of one flooding event (on the Garonne River in France in February 2021), using a distribution of water depths simulated from a shallow-water model parameterized by an uncertain friction field. After identifying the performance measures respecting the most criteria, a correlation analysis is carried out to identify how various performance measures are similar. Then, a methodology is proposed to rank performance measures and select the most robust to observation errors. The methodology is shown useful at identifying four performance measures out of 28 in the study case. Note that the various top-ranked performance measures do not lead to the same calibration result as regards the friction field of the shallow-water model. The methodology can be applied to the comparison of any flood model with any flood event.