标题： 低温储罐的热性能估算：液氢应用 显示英文标题

标题： Thermal performance estimation for cryogenic storage tanks: Application to liquid hydrogen

摘要： 低温液体储存解决方案的设计需要准确的方法来估算热量渗入，从材料层面到罐体层面。 对于绝热材料，热性能通常使用环境条件和液氮在77 K作为边界温度进行测量。 一个关键问题是当储存液氢LH$_2$在20 K时，热量渗入会增加多少。 我们推导了热量渗入增加的理论界限，并表明它保持在26%以下。 此外，我们证明热量渗入对温暖边界温度比冷边界温度更敏感。 在罐体层面，我们比较了两种评估低温罐稳态热性能的方法：热网络模型和用有限元法求解热方程的方法。 后者对于复杂几何形状具有高精度和适应性，而热网络模型则具有简单性、速度和鲁棒性的优势。 我们将这两种方法应用于一种用于海运的自支撑LH$_2$罐体概念，并分析了对结构支撑厚度、温暖边界温度和绝热材料选择的敏感性。 热网络模型可以以$\sim$1%的误差估算热量渗入，并且冷点温度的误差小于1 K。 显示英文摘要

摘要： The design of cryogenic liquid storage solutions requires accurate methods for estimating heat ingress, from the material level to the tank level. For insulation materials, thermal performance is usually measured using ambient conditions and liquid nitrogen at 77 K as boundary temperatures. A key question is how much heat ingress increases when storing liquid hydrogen LH$_2$ at 20 K. We derive theoretical bounds on the increased heat ingress, and show that it remains below 26%. Additionally, we demonstrate that heat ingress is much more sensitive to the warm boundary temperature than the cold boundary temperature. At the tank level, we compare two methods for assessing the steady-state thermal performance of cryogenic tanks: thermal network models and the heat equation solved with the finite element method. The latter offers high accuracy and adaptability for complex geometries, while thermal network models benefit from simplicity, speed and robustness. We apply both approaches to a self-supported LH$_2$ tank concept for maritime transport and analyze sensitivity to structural support thickness, warm boundary temperature, and choice of insulation material. The thermal network model can estimate heat ingress with $\sim$1% error and the cold-spot temperature with error less than 1 K.