标题： 相对论非平衡稳态中的有效温度和序参量 显示英文标题

标题： Proper Effective Temperature and Order Parameters in Relativistic Non-Equilibrium Steady States

摘要： 我们研究了非平衡稳态下温度的概念。利用规范/引力对偶的D3-D5模型，我们探讨了(3+1)维热浴中以恒定速度运动的相对论性(2+1)维缺陷中的自发对称破缺现象。我们发现，对于移动的缺陷，序参量对热浴温度和缺陷速度的依赖可以通过单一变量——适当的有效温度来描述。我们的结果表明，适当的有效温度是相对论非平衡稳态类系统的一个关键参数。 显示英文摘要

摘要： We examine the concept of temperature in non-equilibrium steady states. Using the D3-D5 model of gauge/gravity duality, we investigate spontaneous symmetry breaking in a relativistic (2+1)-dimensional defect moving at constant velocity within a (3+1)-dimensional heat bath. We find that the dependence of the order parameter on both the heat bath temperature and the defect velocity can be captured by a single variable -- the proper effective temperature -- for the moving defect. Our results suggest that the proper effective temperature is an essential parameter for a class of relativistic non-equilibrium steady states.