标题： 海上风电场在不确定性下的协同控制共设计：优化电网整合、能源存储和市场参与 显示英文标题

标题： Control Co-Design Under Uncertainty for Offshore Wind Farms: Optimizing Grid Integration, Energy Storage, and Market Participation

摘要： 海上风力发电场（OWFs）有望在全球去碳化努力中发挥重要作用。开发商通常使用顺序方法来优化设计变量和市场参与度，以实现与电网集成的海上风力发电场的优化。然而，这种方法可能导致系统性能次优，并且在决策过程中往往忽略了可再生能源相关的不确定性。本文提出了一种控制协同设计方法，优化了设计和控制决策，以便将OWFs整合到电力电网中，同时考虑能源市场和一次调频市场的参与。此外，我们介绍了部署在岸上的储能系统的最优尺寸解决方案，以增强OWF开发商的收入。该框架解决了与风资源和能源价格相关的不确定性。我们分析了美国西海岸海洋能源管理局（BOEM）确定的五个海上风力发电场位置和潜在连接点。结果显示，优化的控制协同设计解决方案可以增加3.2%的市场收入，并提供灵活性以管理风资源的不确定性。 显示英文摘要

摘要： Offshore wind farms (OWFs) are set to significantly contribute to global decarbonization efforts. Developers often use a sequential approach to optimize design variables and market participation for grid-integrated offshore wind farms. However, this method can lead to sub-optimal system performance, and uncertainties associated with renewable resources are often overlooked in decision-making. This paper proposes a control co-design approach, optimizing design and control decisions for integrating OWFs into the power grid while considering energy market and primary frequency market participation. Additionally, we introduce optimal sizing solutions for energy storage systems deployed onshore to enhance revenue for OWF developers over time. This framework addresses uncertainties related to wind resources and energy prices. We analyze five U.S. west-coast offshore wind farm locations and potential interconnection points, as identified by the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM). Results show that optimized control co-design solutions can increase market revenue by 3.2\% and provide flexibility in managing wind resource uncertainties.