标题： 地球的组成：起源、演化和能量预算 显示英文标题

标题： Earths composition: origin, evolution and energy budget

摘要： 地球、火星和月球中每两个原子中就有一个是氧；氧是太阳系中含量第三丰富的元素。类地行星的氧同位素组成与太阳不同，表明这些行星并非太阳光球层的直接类似物。同样，太阳的氧/铁、铁/镁和镁/硅值也与太阳系内球粒陨石和类地行星的氧/铁、铁/镁和镁/硅值不同。这四种元素（氧、铁、镁、硅）约占岩石行星质量的94%，其丰度由地球物理、地球化学和宇宙化学约束唯一确定。岩石行星由行星子快速生长而成，其中大多数行星子在吸积之前已经分化，拥有核心和地幔。在原行星盘演化的早期阶段，行星的生长非常迅速，但陨石记录仅部分记录了这一过程。非碳质陨石（NC）为了解内太阳系的早期历史提供了线索，并用于构建岩石行星的形成框架。NC球粒陨石的球粒年龄比t_zero（钙铝包裹体的年龄，CAI）年轻两到三百万年，这表明球粒陨石是太阳系演化的中晚期产物。地球的组成、其当前的地幔对流形式以及驱动其引擎的放射成因能量的数量仍然是有争议的话题。地球动力学由原始热源和放射成因热源驱动。测量地球地中微子通量可以确定其放射成因能量，并限制其整体组成。利用 KamLAND 和 Borexino 地中微子实验的最新数据，证实地球具有 20 TW 的放射成因能量，并将地球本体硅酸盐中难熔亲石元素的比例设定为 CI 球粒陨石的 2.5 到 2.7 倍。 显示英文摘要

摘要： One in every two atoms in the Earth, Mars, and the Moon is oxygen; it is the third most abundant element in the solar system. The oxygen isotopic compositions of the terrestrial planets are different from those of the Sun and demonstrate that these planets are not direct compositional analogs of the solar photosphere. Likewise, the Suns O/Fe, Fe/Mg and Mg/Si values are distinct from those of inner solar system chondrites and terrestrial planets. These four elements (O, Fe, Mg, Si) make up about 94% by mass of the rocky planets and their abundances are determined uniquely using geophysical, geochemical and cosmochemical constraints. The rocky planets grew rapidly from planetesimals, most of which were differentiated, having a core and a mantle, before being accreted. Planetary growth in the early stages of protoplanetary disk evolution was rapid and was only partially recorded by the meteoritic record. The noncarbonaceous meteorites (NC) provide insights into the early history of the inner solar system and are used to construct a framework for how the rocky planets were assembled. NC chondrites have chondrule ages that are two to three million years younger than t_zero (the age of calcium-aluminum inclusions, CAI), documenting that chondrites are middle- to late-stage products of solar system evolution. The composition of the Earth, its current form of mantle convection, and the amount of radiogenic power that drives its engine remain controversial topics. Earths dynamics are driven by primordial and radiogenic heat sources. Measurement of the Earths geoneutrino flux defines its radiogenic power and restricts its bulk composition. Using the latest data from the KamLAND and Borexino geoneutrino experiments affirms that the Earth has 20 TW of radiogenic power and sets the proportions of refractory lithophile elements in the bulk silicate Earth at 2.5 to 2.7 times that in CI chondrites.