标题： 恐惧和社交奖励在捕食者-猎物关系中的演变 显示英文标题

标题： Evolution of Fear and Social Rewards in Prey-Predator Relationship

摘要： 恐惧是一种关键的大脑功能，用于检测危险并学习避免可能导致危险的特定刺激。 虽然恐惧被认为是在捕食者的压力下进化的，但实验性地再现这一进化过程具有挑战性。 为了研究环境条件、恐惧的进化以及其他奖励（如食物奖励和社会奖励）之间的关系，我们开发了一个分布式进化模拟。 在我们的模拟中，被捕食者和捕食者代理共同进化其先天奖励函数，包括观察捕食者时可能具有类似恐惧的项，并通过强化学习学习行为。 令人惊讶的是，我们的模拟显示，观察同种生物的社会奖励对被捕食者生存更为重要，而观察捕食者时类似恐惧的负面奖励只有在获得社会奖励之后才会进化。 我们还发现，狩猎能力增强的捕食者（更大的嘴巴）会加剧恐惧的出现，但恐惧的进化在那些不善于追逐猎物的捕食者情况下更加稳定。 此外，与捕食者不同，我们发现对于静止威胁，积极奖励的进化与恐惧相反，因为食物丰富的区域会围绕它们发展。 这些发现表明，恐惧和社会奖励在进化过程中彼此之间有着复杂的相互作用，同时还涉及捕食者和威胁的性质。 显示英文摘要

摘要： Fear is a critical brain function for detecting danger and learning to avoid specific stimuli that can lead to danger. While fear is believed to have evolved under pressure from predators, experimentally reproducing the evolution is challenging. To investigate the relationship between environmental conditions, the evolution of fear, and the evolution of other rewards, such as food reward and social reward, we developed a distributed evolutionary simulation. In our simulation, prey and predator agents co-evolve their innate reward functions, including a possibly fear-like term for observing predators, and learn behaviors via reinforcement learning. Surprisingly, our simulation revealed that social reward for observing the same species is more important for prey to survive, and fear-like negative reward for observing predators evolves only after acquiring social reward. We also found that the predator with increased hunting ability (larger mouth) amplified fear emergence, but also that fear evolution is more stable with non-evolving predators that are bad at chasing prey. Additionally, unlike for predators, we found that positive rewards evolve in opposition to fear for stationary threats, as areas with abundant leftover food develop around them. These findings suggest that fear and social reward have had a complex interplay with each other through evolution, along with the nature of predators and threats.