标题： 利他主义与动态蜂巢模型中的能量流动 显示英文标题

标题： Altruism and energy flow in dynamic beehive models

摘要： 这项工作通过进化博弈论（EGT）的视角，探讨利他主义与孤雌生殖遗传系统之间的关系，使用了一个由三个阶级组成的蜂巢种群动态模型：工蜂、雄蜂和蜂后。 孤雌生殖是一种无性繁殖形式，未受精的卵发育成雄性，而受精的卵则发育成雌性，导致家庭成员之间出现不寻常的遗传相关性。 这种繁殖方式出现在昆虫中，如膜翅目昆虫，包括蜜蜂。 在蜂巢环境中，蜜蜂经常表现出利他行为，即一种减少自身适应度以增加他人适应度的行为。 社会性，一种以复杂和利他社会行为为特征的复杂社会组织形式，在膜翅目昆虫中也有所观察。 为了探索利他主义与孤雌生殖繁殖模式之间的相互作用，我们采用种群动态模型来模拟不同参数下的蜂巢种群，控制工蜂和蜂后的利他性。 我们的结果表明，利他行为对蜂巢的成功至关重要，最优的工蜂利他性对应于社会性物种中观察到的劳动分工。 此外，我们发现蜂后的适度利他性对于蜂巢生存也至关重要，强调了这些复杂社会系统中可能存在的微妙平衡。 总体而言，我们的研究结果揭示了自然世界中利他主义、孤雌生殖和社会性共同进化的现象。 显示英文摘要

摘要： This work explores the relationship between altruism and the genetic system of arrhenotoky through an evolutionary game theory (EGT)-inspired lens, using a dynamic model of beehive populations consisting of three castes: workers, drones, and the queen. Arrhenotoky is a form of asexual reproduction in which unfertilized eggs become males while fertilized eggs develop into females, leading to unusual patterns of genetic relatedness between family members. This mode of reproduction occurs in insects such as the Hymenoptera, including bees. In the hive environment, bees often display altruistic behavior, or actions taken by an organism that reduce its own fitness to increase the fitness of others. Eusociality, an elaborate form of social organization characterized by complex and altruistic social behaviors, is also observed in the Hymenoptera. To explore the interplay between altruism and the reproductive patterns of arrhenotoky, we employ a population dynamics model to simulate beehive populations over a range of parameters, controlling for altruism in workers and the queen. Our results show that altruistic behaviors are essential for beehive success, with optimal worker altruism corresponding to the division of labor observed in eusocial species. Furthermore, we find that modest altruism from the queen is also vital for hive survival, emphasizing the delicate balance that can exist in these complex social systems. Overall, our findings shed light on the co-evolution of altruism, arrhenotoky, and eusociality in the natural world.