标题： 延迟促进的分室系统中的自组装 显示英文标题

标题： Delay-facilitated self-assembly in compartmentalized systems

摘要： 生物和合成生物分子系统中的自组装过程通常由生化过程的空间分离所控制。 尽管之前的研究主要集中在通过精细调整的反应参数或使用快速粒子交换的相分离液态隔室来优化自组装，但缓慢的隔室间交换的作用仍知之甚少。 在此，我们证明了反应区域之间的缓慢粒子交换可以通过一种协同机制——延迟促进组装——来提高自组装效率。 使用两个具有不同反应和交换动力学的隔室的不可逆自组装的最小模型，我们确定了在隔离隔室无法促进任何自组装的情况下，能够最大化产率并最小化组装时间的情况。 该机制依赖于隔室内反应和隔室间交换的时间尺度分离，并在广泛的几何结构中具有鲁棒性，包括具有扩散传输的空间扩展区域。 我们证明，这种效应可以通过隔室体积和交换速率实现对自组装过程的几何控制，从而无需精细调整局部反应速率。 这些结果提供了一个概念框架，用于在合成自组装设计中利用空间分离，并表明生物系统可能利用缓慢的粒子交换来提高组装效率。 显示英文摘要

摘要： Self-assembly processes in biological and synthetic biomolecular systems are often governed by the spatial separation of biochemical processes. While previous work has focused on optimizing self-assembly through fine-tuned reaction parameters or using phase-separated liquid compartments with fast particle exchange, the role of slow inter-compartmental exchange remains poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that slow particle exchange between reaction domains can enhance self-assembly efficiency through a cooperative mechanism: delay-facilitated assembly. Using a minimal model of irreversible self-assembly in two compartments with distinct reaction and exchange dynamics, we identify scenarios that maximize yield and minimize assembly time, even under conditions where isolated compartments would fail to facilitate any self-assembly. The mechanism relies on a separation of timescales between intra-compartmental reactions and inter-compartmental exchange and is robust across a wide range of geometries, including spatially extended domains with diffusive transport. We demonstrate that this effect enables geometric control of self-assembly processes through compartment volumes and exchange rates, eliminating the need for fine-tuning local reaction rates. These results offer a conceptual framework for leveraging spatial separation in synthetic self-assembly design and suggest that biological systems may use slow particle exchange to improve assembly efficiency.