标题： 中微子电偶极门户 显示英文标题

标题： Neutrino Dipole Portal

摘要： 中微子偶极子通道（NDP）是标准模型的一个最小且具有预测性的扩展，其中一种转变磁矩算符通过电磁场将活性中微子与一个重的中性轻子耦合。这种高维相互作用导致了诸如中微子上散射、辐射衰变、介子转换和反冲谱修改等独特的过程，提供了多种发现途径。在本综述中，我们讨论NDP的理论基础、其紫外完成形式，以及在实验室、天体物理和宇宙学环境中的相关产生和衰变机制。当前的约束来自于加速器搜索、基于反冲的探测器、对撞机研究和高能中微子观测站，同时还包括来自大爆炸核合成、宇宙微波背景和超新星冷却的坚实限制。未来的实验和观测努力，包括下一代中微子实验、吨级暗物质探测器以及改进的宇宙学和天体物理探测手段，预计将测试剩余允许的区域。因此，NDP在粒子物理、天体物理和宇宙学的交叉领域提供了一个简单、有良好动机且广泛可测试的框架。 显示英文摘要

摘要： The neutrino dipole portal (NDP) is a minimal and predictive extension of the Standard Model, in which a transition magnetic moment operator couples an active neutrino to a heavy neutral lepton via the electromagnetic field. This higher-dimensional interaction gives rise to distinctive processes such as neutrino up-scattering, radiative decays, meson transitions, and modifications of recoil spectra, offering multiple avenues for discovery. In this review, we discuss the theoretical foundations of the NDP, its ultraviolet completions, and the associated production and decay mechanisms across laboratory, astrophysical, and cosmological settings. Current constraints arise from accelerator searches, recoil-based detectors, collider studies, and high energy neutrino observatories, complemented by robust bounds from Big Bang Nucleosynthesis, the Cosmic Microwave Background, and supernova cooling. Future experimental and observational efforts, including next-generation neutrino experiments, multi-ton dark matter detectors, and improved cosmological and astrophysical probes, are anticipated to test the remaining allowed regions. The NDP thus provides a simple, well-motivated, and broadly testable framework at the intersection of particle physics, astrophysics, and cosmology.