标题： 生物物理相互作用、纳米毒理学评估以及金属纳米颗粒的生物相容性和生物安全性 显示英文标题

标题： Biophysical interaction, nanotoxicology evaluation, and biocompatibility and biosafety of metal nanoparticles

摘要： 纳米技术在过去三十年中一直是发展最快的领域之一。 纳米材料（尺寸1-100纳米）在许多领域有着广泛的应用前景，可用作涂层材料或在治疗和诊断中使用。 如今，金属和非金属来源的纳米颗粒正在被研究和开发，用于生物学/治疗学等多个领域的应用。 具体而言，我们展示了金属纳米颗粒的物理化学性质和生物物理特异性与其在细胞、分子、细胞和整个生物体水平上的摄取、运输和生物分布之间的相关性。 生理上重要的金属在人体内存在，并具有广泛的生物活性。 其中一些金属包括镁、铬、锰、铁、钴、铜、锌、硒和钼。 纳米技术中使用的金属必须在吸收、同化、排泄和副作用方面与人体系统具有生物相容性。 这些金属通过不同的物理和化学方法被合成成纳米颗粒的形式。 金属纳米颗粒的纳米毒理学研究旨在确定其特性是否以及在多大程度上可能对环境和人类构成威胁。 本文综述了金属和金属氧化物纳米颗粒、它们的应用以及人类暴露的潜在可能性，并通过讨论纳米颗粒诱导毒性的基本原理和纳米材料毒性的测试方法进行了整合。 本综述旨在强调具有生理重要性的金属纳米颗粒作为未来纳米技术和药物的最佳候选者，这是由于它们在人体内的可接受性和安全性。 只有当这些颗粒以更好的生物相容性和低或无毒性合成时，这才能成功。 显示英文摘要

摘要： Nanotechnology has been one of the fastest growing fields in the last three decades. Nanomaterials (sized 1-100 nm) has a wide spectrum of potential applications in many fields, applied as coating materials or in treatment and diagnosis. Nowadays, nanoparticles of both metallic and non-metallic origin are under investigation and development for applications in various fields of biology/therapeutics. Specifically, we show the correlations between the physicochemistry and biophysical specificity of metal nanoparticles and their uptake, transport, and biodistribution in cells, at the molecular, cellular, and whole organism level. Physiologically important metals are present in the human body with a wide range of biological activities. Some of these metals are magnesium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, copper, zinc, selenium and molybdenum. Metals used in nanotechnology have to be biocompatible with the human system in terms of absorption, assimilation, excretion, and side effects. These metals are synthesized in the form of nanoparticles by different physical and chemical methods. Nanotoxicological studies of metal nanoparticles are intended to determine whether and to what extent their properties may pose a threat to the environment and to human beings. An overview of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles, their applications, and the potential for human exposure is provided, and it is integrated by a discussion of general principles of nanoparticle-induced toxicity and methods for toxicity testing of nanomaterials. This review wants to focus on establishing metal nanoparticles of physiological importance to be the best candidates for future nanotechnological tools and medicines, owing to the acceptability and safety in the human body. This can only be successful if these particles are synthesized with a better biocompatibility and low or no toxicity.